Micronutrients and macronutrients: Macronutrients are nutrients required in large amounts, like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, while micronutrients are required in smaller quantities, like iron, manganese, and zinc.
Hydrophytes and xerophytes: Hydrophytes are plants that grow in aquatic environments and are adapted to submerged conditions, while xerophytes are plants adapted to dry conditions, often with specialized features like thick cuticles and water storage.
Monocot root and dicot root: Monocot roots typically have a fibrous root system, while dicot roots generally have a taproot system, where the primary root is thicker and deeper.
Transpiration and translocation: Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from plants, while translocation is the movement of food (mainly sugars) through the plant via the phloem.
Translocation and ascent of sap: Translocation refers to the movement of food through the plant, while ascent of sap refers to the upward movement of water and minerals through the xylem.
Xylem and phloem: Xylem is responsible for transporting water and minerals, while phloem is responsible for transporting food (mainly sugars).
Pattern of gas exchange in leaves and roots: In leaves, gas exchange occurs through stomata during the day, with carbon dioxide being absorbed for photosynthesis and oxygen being released. In roots, gas exchange is minimal, with oxygen absorbed for respiration and carbon dioxide released.