FreeNotes
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond. The difference in electronegativity between two atoms determines the type of bond formed: If the difference in electronegativity is small or zero (typically less than 0.5), a non-polar covalent bond is formed, as the electrons are shared equally. If the … Read more
Bond energy (or bond dissociation energy) is the amount of energy required to break one mole of bonds in a molecule in the gas phase. It measures the strength of a chemical bond. The higher the bond energy, the stronger the bond, as more energy is required to break it. Bond energy is typically higher … Read more
Non-polar covalent bond: A non-polar covalent bond forms when two atoms share electrons equally. This typically occurs between two identical non-metals (e.g., H₂, O₂) where the electronegativity difference between the atoms is negligible or zero. As a result, the electron distribution is uniform, and there is no partial charge on the atoms. Polar covalent bond: … Read more
Noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon) do not form bonds easily because they have a full outer electron shell (a stable electron configuration). This full valence shell makes noble gases chemically inert and stable. Since atoms tend to bond to achieve a stable electron configuration, noble gases already possess the most stable … Read more
The noble gas electronic configuration is crucial because it represents the most stable electron arrangement for an atom. Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve this stable configuration. This stability drives chemical reactions and the formation of compounds. For example, atoms like sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) gain or lose electrons to … Read more
For H₂O (water), the electron dot structure would show the two hydrogen atoms each sharing one electron with oxygen, which also shares its two electrons with the hydrogens. The structure looks like: H:O:H Related Questions: State octet and duplet rules. Explain the formation of a covalent bond between two nitrogen atoms. How does Al form … Read more
Oxygen (O) has six valence electrons. To achieve a stable octet configuration, oxygen gains two electrons, forming an anion (O²⁻) with a negative charge. Related Questions: State octet and duplet rules. Explain the formation of a covalent bond between two nitrogen atoms. How does Al form a cation? Draw an electron cross and dot structure … Read more
Aluminum (Al) has three valence electrons. To achieve a stable noble gas configuration, aluminum loses these three electrons, forming a cation (Al³⁺) with a positive charge. Related Questions: State octet and duplet rules. Explain the formation of a covalent bond between two nitrogen atoms. Draw an electron cross and dot structure for an H₂O molecule. … Read more
In a nitrogen molecule (N₂), two nitrogen atoms share three pairs of electrons (a triple bond) to complete their octet. This sharing of electrons results in a stable molecular structure. Related Questions: State octet and duplet rules. How does Al form a cation? Draw an electron cross and dot structure for an H₂O molecule. Describe … Read more
Octet Rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration resembling that of a noble gas, typically with 8 electrons in the outer shell. Duplet Rule: This rule applies to hydrogen and helium. They tend to achieve a stable configuration with 2 electrons in their outermost shell. Related Questions: … Read more