Short Q/A Pharmacology - Students Free Notes

Explain why overdosing on sedatives can be dangerous.

Sedatives, such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates, depress the central nervous system, which can lead to respiratory depression, unconsciousness, or even death when taken in excessive amounts. Overdosing can cause the body to slow down too much, leading to dangerous drops in heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, ultimately resulting in life-threatening conditions. Related Questions: What … Read more

How do hallucinogens affect the human brain?

Hallucinogens, such as LSD, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), and DMT, alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes. They primarily affect serotonin receptors in the brain, leading to visual and auditory hallucinations, altered sense of time, and changes in thought patterns. Prolonged use can cause psychological issues such as anxiety or paranoia. Related Questions: What are the effects … Read more

What is the role of antiseptics in disease prevention?

Antiseptics are chemicals used to prevent infection by killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on living tissues, such as skin or mucous membranes. They are commonly used for cleaning wounds, cuts, and surgical sites to reduce the risk of infection. Common antiseptics include alcohol, iodine, and chlorhexidine. Related Questions: What are the effects of … Read more

Differentiate between stimulants and depressants.

Stimulants: These are substances that increase activity in the central nervous system, leading to heightened alertness, energy, and euphoria. Examples include caffeine, cocaine, and methamphetamine. They can increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Depressants: These substances slow down brain activity, leading to relaxation, drowsiness, or sedation. Examples include alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. They can … Read more

How do antibiotics work against bacterial infections?

Antibiotics work by targeting specific features of bacteria that are essential for their survival or reproduction. They can kill bacteria directly or inhibit their growth. Common mechanisms include disrupting the bacterial cell wall (e.g., penicillin), blocking protein synthesis (e.g., tetracycline), or interfering with DNA replication (e.g., quinolones). Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections. Related Questions: … Read more

Complete the table below:

Column-A (Name) Column-B (Description) Marijuana Addictive drug and hallucinogen Aspirin painkiller Cephalosporins Antibiotic Diazepam sedative Dettol Antiseptic Phenyl Disinfectant Morphine Narcotic painkiller Related Questions: What are the effects of marijuana? What is vaccination? Why are the following scientists famous? What are the symptoms of addiction? Name the four main groups of antibiotics. How does resistance … Read more

State any two conditions for which sedatives are prescribed by doctors.

Anxiety disorders Sleep disorders (insomnia) Related Questions: What are the effects of marijuana? What is vaccination? Why are the following scientists famous? What are the symptoms of addiction? Name the four main groups of antibiotics. How does resistance develop in bacteria against antibiotics? What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics? Name any two … Read more

Name different plants common in Pakistan that are used for medicinal purposes.

Neem (used as an antiseptic) Aloe vera (used for skin treatments) Tulsi (used for respiratory problems) Ginger (used for digestive issues) Related Questions: What are the effects of marijuana? What is vaccination? Why are the following scientists famous? What are the symptoms of addiction? Name the four main groups of antibiotics. How does resistance develop … Read more

Describe the role of vaccines in producing immunity against specific diseases.

Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated pathogens that trigger an immune response. The body produces antibodies and memory cells, providing long-term immunity against future infections. Related Questions: What are the effects of marijuana? What is vaccination? Why are the following scientists famous? What are the symptoms of addiction? Name the four main groups of antibiotics. How … Read more

Why is penicillin injected whereas ampicillin is taken orally?

Penicillin is sensitive to stomach acid and gets destroyed, so it is given as an injection. Ampicillin is acid-resistant and can be absorbed through the digestive system. Related Questions: What are the effects of marijuana? What is vaccination? Why are the following scientists famous? What are the symptoms of addiction? Name the four main groups … Read more