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Double fertilization is a unique process in angiosperms where two sperm cells fuse with different cells in the embryo sac. Steps of Double Fertilization: 1. Pollination: Pollen grains land on the stigma and germinate, forming a pollen tube. 2. Pollen Tube Growth: The tube grows through the style and reaches the ovule. 3. Release of … Read more
Natural vegetative propagation occurs when plants reproduce from vegetative parts like stems, roots, or leaves. 1. Runners (Stolons): Horizontal stems that grow along the soil surface and produce new plants at nodes. Example: Strawberry, Grass. 2. Tubers: Swollen underground stems that store food and produce new shoots. Example: Potato. 3. Bulbs: Underground storage organs consisting … Read more
A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms (flowering plants). It consists of four major parts: 1. Calyx (Sepals): The outermost whorl, usually green. Protects the flower bud before it opens. 2. Corolla (Petals): Brightly colored to attract pollinators. Contains nectar glands. 3. Androecium (Male Reproductive Organ): Composed of stamens, each with a filament and … Read more
Artificial vegetative propagation is a method used by gardeners and farmers to grow plants more efficiently. 1. Grafting: Involves joining two different plants to combine desirable characteristics. A scion (upper part) is attached to a rootstock (lower part with roots). The grafted plant continues to grow as a single organism. Used in fruit trees like … Read more
Binary Fission in Bacteria: Binary fission is a simple form of asexual reproduction where a single bacterial cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Steps of Binary Fission: 1. DNA Replication: The bacterial chromosome duplicates. 2. Cell Elongation: The cell enlarges, and the replicated DNA moves to opposite ends. 3. Septum Formation: A new cell … Read more
Seed germination is the process by which a dormant seed resumes growth and develops into a seedling under favorable conditions. It involves a series of biochemical and physiological changes leading to the emergence of the embryonic root (radicle) and shoot (plumule). Process of Germination: 1. Imbibition: The seed absorbs water, which activates enzymes and softens … Read more
Key Differences Between Male and Female Gametophytes Feature Male Gametophyte (Pollen Grain) Female Gametophyte (Embryo Sac) Location Anther (microsporangium) Ovule (megasporangium) Development Microsporogenesis & Microgametogenesis Megasporogenesis & Megagametogenesis Number of Cells Typically 2-3 cells (vegetative and generative cells) 7 cells, 8 nuclei Gametes Produced Two sperm cells One egg cell Role in Fertilization Delivers sperm … Read more