FreeNotes
Hybridization is the process in which atomic orbitals mix to form new hybrid orbitals, which are used to form covalent bonds in molecules. This concept helps explain the geometry of molecules in a more accurate way than just considering the atomic orbitals of individual atoms. sp Hybridization: Occurs when one s orbital and one p … Read more
Ionic Bond: Formation: Occurs when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions. Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is formed when sodium donates an electron to chlorine. Properties: High melting and boiling points, electrical conductivity when dissolved in water or molten, usually soluble in water. Covalent Bond: … Read more
The formation of sodium chloride (NaCl) can be explained using electron dot structures: Step 1: Sodium (Na), an alkali metal, has one electron in its outermost shell (1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹). Chlorine (Cl), a halogen, has seven electrons in its outermost shell (1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵). Step 2: Sodium donates its single valence electron … Read more
An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that forms between two atoms when one atom donates an electron to another atom, resulting in the formation of positively and negatively charged ions. This bond forms due to the electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions. Typically, ionic bonds form between a metal and a … Read more
(a) State the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of this atom. The atomic number tells us the number of protons in the atom. For an atom with an atomic number of 9, there are 9 protons. The mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons. Therefore, the number of neutrons … Read more
(a) Define the term isotope. An isotope refers to atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. This leads to different mass numbers for the isotopes of an element. While isotopes of an element have nearly identical chemical properties, their physical properties, like mass, may differ. … Read more
When metals form cations, they lose electrons. This is because metals tend to have fewer electrons in their outer shell and can achieve a more stable configuration by losing those electrons. Here’s how the cations for the given metals are formed: (a) Barium (Ba): Barium is in Group 2, so it has 2 valence electrons. … Read more
The number of valence electrons corresponds to the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. To find this, we look at the group number in the periodic table: (a) Boron (B): Boron is in Group 13 of the periodic table. Elements in Group 13 have 3 valence electrons. Therefore, boron has 3 … Read more
Covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. The number of shared electron pairs between atoms determines whether the bond is single, double, or triple. Let’s break these down: Single Covalent Bond: A single covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons. This is the most … Read more
The formation of a covalent bond between two non-metallic elements involves the sharing of electrons between atoms. Non-metals typically have relatively high electronegativity, meaning they tend to attract electrons strongly. In order to achieve a stable electron configuration (often resembling that of the nearest noble gas), atoms of non-metals will share their outermost electrons to … Read more