FreeNotes
The human urinary system, also known as the excretory system, is responsible for filtering waste from the blood, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, and removing these waste products from the body through urine. The major components of this system include: Kidneys: These are two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back, just below the rib … Read more
Gaseous exchange in fish and humans is fundamentally similar in that both processes involve the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the respiratory medium (water for fish, air for humans) and the bloodstream. However, the mechanisms by which this exchange takes place differ significantly due to the differences in the environment and the respiratory … Read more
The alveoli are tiny, balloon-like structures found at the ends of the bronchial tubes in the lungs. They are a critical part of the human respiratory system and are involved in the exchange of gases—specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide—between the air and the bloodstream. Here’s a breakdown of their structure and function: Structure of Alveoli: … Read more
Tobacco smoke is harmful for several reasons, primarily due to the toxic chemicals it contains. Here’s why tobacco smoke is dangerous: 1. Chemical Composition: Tobacco smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, many of which are toxic and carcinogenic (cancer-causing). Some of the harmful chemicals include: Nicotine: An addictive substance that causes dependency and raises heart rate … Read more
1. Bronchitis Signs and Symptoms: Persistent cough (often with mucus) Shortness of breath Wheezing Fatigue Chest discomfort or tightness Low-grade fever (in some cases) Causes: Acute bronchitis: Often caused by viral infections (e.g., cold or flu viruses) but can also result from bacterial infections or exposure to irritants like smoke, dust, or pollution. Chronic bronchitis: … Read more
Breathing: Breathing is the physical process of taking in oxygen from the environment (inhalation) and expelling carbon dioxide from the body (exhalation) through the respiratory system. It is a vital function that allows for the exchange of gases necessary for cellular respiration, which produces energy for the body. Mechanism of Breathing: Breathing involves two main … Read more
The human respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment. Here’s a description of its structure: Nose/Nasal Cavity: The entry point for air, where it is filtered, warmed, and moistened. Hair-like structures called cilia and mucus trap dust, pathogens, and other particles. Mouth: An … Read more
Aspect Respiration Photosynthesis Process The breakdown of glucose (or other organic molecules) to release energy. The process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose). Location Occurs in the mitochondria of cells (in both plants and animals). Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Energy Conversion Chemical energy in glucose is converted into ATP … Read more
Gaseous exchange in a leaf occurs through stomata. During the day, plants take in carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the air through stomata for photosynthesis, and oxygen (O₂) is released as a byproduct. At night, when photosynthesis stops, plants take in oxygen for respiration and release carbon dioxide. The process occurs by diffusion, driven by concentration … Read more
Efficient gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment requires several conditions that ensure oxygen can enter the organism and carbon dioxide can be expelled. These conditions include: Large Surface Area: A large surface area allows for more contact between the gases and the exchange surfaces, which increases the efficiency of the process. For example, … Read more