FreeNotes
Uses of Acids: 1. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): Used for cleaning metals, in food processing, and in the production of PVC. 2. Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄): Used in car batteries, fertilizers, and chemical manufacturing. 3. Nitric Acid (HNO₃): Used in the production of explosives and fertilizers. Uses of Bases: 1. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): Used in soap and … Read more
Neutralization: Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt and water. This reaction is exothermic, meaning it releases heat. Example Reaction: HCL + NAOH → NACL + H2O Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide. Applications of Neutralization: 1. Agriculture: Neutralization of acidic soil with slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂). … Read more
pH Scale: The pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14: pH < 7: Acidic solution (e.g., lemon juice, vinegar). pH = 7: Neutral solution (e.g., pure water). pH > 7: Basic solution (e.g., soap solution, bleach). Importance of pH: 1. Human Health: The human body maintains … Read more
Salts: Salts are ionic compounds formed by the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. They consist of a positive ion (cation) from the base and a negative ion (anion) from the acid. Examples: 1. Sodium chloride (NaCl) – Used as table salt. 2. Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) – Found in limestone and used in … Read more
Bases: Bases are substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻) when dissolved in water. Strong bases dissociate completely, while weak bases dissociate partially in water. Examples: 1. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) – Used in soap manufacturing. 2. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) – Used in alkaline batteries. 3. Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) – Used in household cleaners. Properties of Bases: … Read more
Acids:Acids are chemical substances that produce hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. The strength of an acid depends on the concentration of H⁺ ions it produces. Examples: 1. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) – Found in stomach acid and used for cleaning purposes. 2. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) – Used in car batteries and the production of … Read more