What is the difference between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics?

Aspect Classical Mechanics Quantum Mechanics
Scale of Application Describes the motion of macroscopic objects (e.g., cars, planets). Describes the behavior of microscopic particles (e.g., atoms, electrons).
Key Principles Based on deterministic laws (e.g., Newton’s laws of motion). Based on probabilistic principles (e.g., wave-particle duality).
Certainty of Behavior Predicts the exact position and velocity of an object. Can only predict probabilities, not exact outcomes (e.g., Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle).
Time and Space Time and space are absolute and independent. Time and space are interconnected in the framework of spacetime.
Nature of Objects Objects are distinct and have definite properties. Objects can exist in superposition states, where they can be in multiple states simultaneously.
Equations Governed by Newton’s laws, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. Governed by Schrödinger’s equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, and others.
Determinism vs. Probability Deterministic (exact outcomes). Probabilistic (only probabilities of different outcomes).
Relativity Effects Does not account for relativistic effects (unless modified to include special relativity). Can include relativistic effects in quantum field theory.

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