(a) Temperature: Increasing temperature generally increases enzyme activity up to a point, as it provides more energy for molecular collisions. However, beyond the enzyme’s optimal temperature, the enzyme can denature and lose its activity.
(b) pH: Each enzyme has an optimal pH range, and changes in pH can alter the enzyme’s shape, affecting its ability to bind to the substrate. Extreme pH values can denature the enzyme.
(c) Substrate concentration: Increasing substrate concentration increases the reaction rate until all enzyme active sites are occupied. At that point, the reaction rate reaches a maximum and further increases in substrate concentration no longer affect the rate.