FreeNotes
Antigen and antibodies: Antigens are foreign substances that trigger an immune response, while antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize antigens. Variation and evolution: Variation refers to differences among individuals within a species, whereas evolution is the gradual change in species over generations due to variation and natural selection. Discontinuous and continuous … Read more
a) Epigeal and hypogeal germination Epigeal germination: Cotyledons rise above the soil (e.g., bean). Hypogeal germination: Cotyledons remain underground (e.g., pea). b) Asexual and sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction: Involves one parent, no gamete formation, produces genetically identical offspring. Sexual reproduction: Involves two parents, gamete formation, produces genetically diverse offspring. c) Self-pollination and cross-pollination Self-pollination: Pollen … Read more
Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and leads to genetic variation. Artificial vegetative propagation and natural vegetative propagation Artificial propagation is human-assisted, such as grafting and cutting, whereas natural propagation occurs naturally through runners, tubers, or bulbs. Scion and … Read more