FreeNotes
(a) Compact and spongy bone: Compact Bone: Dense, strong, and forms the outer layer of bones. Provides strength and support. Spongy Bone: Porous, lightweight, and found inside bones. Contains red bone marrow for blood cell production. (b) Cartilage and bone: Cartilage: Soft, flexible connective tissue without blood vessels. Provides cushioning and support. Bone: Hard, mineralized … Read more
Apomixis: A form of asexual reproduction in which seeds are produced without fertilization. Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower. Male gametophyte: The pollen grain, which carries the male gametes in flowering plants. Epigeal germination: A type of seed germination where the cotyledons rise above the soil surface. … Read more
i. Vascular bundle: A vascular bundle is a collection of xylem and phloem tissues that transport water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant. ii. Osmotic adjustment: Osmotic adjustment refers to the process by which plants adjust the concentration of solutes in their cells to maintain water balance under different environmental conditions. iii. Xylem: Xylem is … Read more
(a) Organ and organelle: An organ is a collection of tissues working together to perform a specific function (e.g., heart, brain). An organelle is a subunit within a cell that performs a particular function (e.g., mitochondria, nucleus). (b) Animal and plant tissues: Animal tissues include epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues that perform various functions … Read more
(a) Biodiversity: The variety of living organisms in a particular habitat or the entire Earth. (b) Classification: The process of grouping organisms based on similarities and differences. (c) Taxonomy: The science of naming, defining, and classifying organisms. (d) Systematics: The study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms. (e) Taxa: The hierarchical categories in … Read more