a. Jihad-e-Afghanistan
b. The nationalization of industries in Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
Ans: a. Jihad-e-Afghanistan
The invasion by Russian forces into Afghanistan in 1979 created a new
challenge for Pakistan. General Zia-ul-Haq adopted a firm policy with great
confidence and courage, and stood against the intervention of the Russian
forces.
The Beginning of Jihad:
Afghan nation bravely, stood against the Russian attack, and started jihad.
The moral support of the Government of Pakistan raised the morale of
Afghan Mujahideen. The Mujahideen inflicted heavy defeats on Russian
forces in every field. Russia was completely demoralized and became
helpless in 1986, but the jihad was continued. The continuous defeats
disappointed the Russians tremendously.
Geneva Accord:
America and Russia signed an accord in April 1988 in Geneva. The Prime
Minister of Pakistan, Muhammad Khan Junejo also participated and signed
it Russia accepted its defeat and withdrew its forces from Afghanistan on
15th February, 1989. This was the end of Afghan Jihad.
The Impact on Pakistani Society:
The migration of Afghan refugees to Pakistan during Russian attack had far-
reaching effects on Pakistani society. More than 30 lakh Afghan refugees
migrated to Pakistan. Pakistan gave shelter to the refugees and looked after
them properly out of Islamic brotherhood and human sympathy. The services
of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq are praiseworthy in Afghan jihad.
Pakistan was appreciated internationally for its successful Afghan policy.
b.The nationalization of industries in Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto period:
Nationalization of Industries:
By 1971, 60% of the country’s industrial assets and 80% of the insurance
business were owned by 22 families. On December 22nd, 1971 passports
of the 22 capitalist families were confiscated. Industrial licenses of more
than Rs. 100 million worth issued to 19 companies were declared illegal.
Z.A. Bhutto considered Industrial development and stability essential for the
development of the people of Pakistan. His main goal was the betterment of
the people. He disagreed with the policies of capitalists, the wealthy, and the
industrialists. To save the people from their injustice, Mr. Bhutto issued an
ordinance on 2nd January, 1972 under which ten heavy industries were
nationalized by the government.
The industries taken over by the government are as under:
I. Automobile industry
ii. Chemical industry
iii. Consumer goods industry
iv. Steel industry
vi. Cement industry
vii. Petrochemical industry
viii. Tractor industry
ix. Social welfare services industry
x. Heavy electrical equipment industry
Under the industrial reforms, the directors of 20 industrial units were terminated
and their managing agencies were closed. Separate managing directors
were appointed for each industrial unit. In the interest of the country, eleven
more industrial units were nationalized on 16th January, 1972. The above-mentioned actions of Bhutto’s government gave strength to economic
stability and encouraged industrial development.
Social welfare services industry
Under the industrial reforms, the directors of 20 industrial units were terminated
and their managing agencies were closed. Separate managing directors
were appointed for each industrial unit. In the interest of the country, eleven
more industrial units were nationalized on 16th January, 1972. The above-mentioned actions of Bhutto’s government gave strength to economic
stability and encouraged industrial development.