Ans: NATIONALIZATIO;
- Keeping in view the economic deprivation of the people Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
assured the people that all the big industrial units would be taken under
governmental control. This policy was called ‘nationalization’. Under this
policy the government took following major steps:
Institutes That Were Nationalized by Bhutto:
2. In January 1972, 32 heavy industrial units were taken under government
control. Important among these were: iron and steel industry, heavy
engineering, heavy electrical industry, automobile industry, tractor industry,
petrochemicals industry, cement industry, electricity, gas companies and oil
refineries etc.
Small industrialists were assured that government will protect and encourage
them and would not nationalize more industrial units in future. Despite this
assurance.the government started a second round of nationalization in 1972.
In this phase cotton, sugar, edible oil and ghee industries were nationalized.
This second phase ended in 1976 with the nationalization of paddy husking
units.
Life insurance companies were nationalized in March 1972, general
insurance was, however, exempted from nationalization. Private General
insurance companies were allowed to continue business. State Life
Insurance Corporation was instituted and its branches were opened
throughout Pakistan. On January 1, 1974 all private sector banks were
-nationalized.
Private educational institutions were also nationalized. Emoluments of the
employees of these institutions were brought at par to those of the
government employees.
Impacts of Nationalization:
Low Productivity and Inefficiency:
The policy of nationalization failed to achieve desired results. As a result of
this policy management of the industrial units passed into the hands cf
corrupt and inefficient bureaucracy and ruling parry workers and the
performance of all the nationalized industrial units badly deteriorated. Due to
shortfall in the production and because of higher production costs, prices of
essential items of daily consumption like flour, ghee and sugar enormously
increased.
Higher Inflation Rate:
In order to avoid unrest of the masses, salaries were raised. This resulted in
high rate of inflation. Economic condition of the country further deteriorated
when industrialists and investors started shifting their capital out of the
country.
3
1)
Deteriorating Standards of Education:
Emoluments of the nationalized education sector employees and the cost of
running the nationalized education institutions proved to be a great burden
on national treasury. Students were allowed to travel, almost free of cost by
public and private transport. Private sector transporters were reluctant to
extend this favor, this caused an atmosphere of constant tension among
students and the transporters. The liberty given to the students made them
negligent and carefree, Academic standards started deteriorating. Student’s
Unions became great threat to law and order.
Favorable Impact of Nationalization:
Bhutto’s government, however, must be given credit for the following
initiatives
Registration of the citizens (national identity card scheme).
(2) Beginning of the nuclear program.
Establishment of the Peoples Open University now known as ‘Allama Iqbal
Open University’.
Q(iii). What important steps were taken by Gen. Zia’s government in
respect of his Islamization policy?
Ans: Policy of Islamization:
After coming into power, General Zia-ul-Haq announced that he will entrust
power in the hands of people’s representatives after holding free and fair
elections within 90 days, but he changed his mind shortly after and
announced that his foremost objective was the implementation of Nizam-e-
Mustafa (A), (or the Shari’a law). This commitment was acclaimed
by a large section of the society. Given below is a brief summary of the steps
taken by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in pursuance of his policy of
falamization:
Judiciary and Legal System:
Islamic penalties were imposed on crimes like drinking wine, tnoft, adultery
end gadaf (false allegation of adultery). Federal Shari’a Court was
established, ite status was equal to that of High Courts. Ulama were
appointed as judges in the shari’a Court. An Islamic University and a Shari’a
Faculty were instituted in islamabad The Objectives Resolution was made a
Juainable part of the constitution.
Financial Matters
Nizam-e-Zakat indreduced in 1900 and Nizam-e-Ushr in 1983. Certain
a! steps were taken for the elimination of riba (interest) from banking
pras Interest-free accounts, based on profit-loss-sharing were
introduced for the first time in the banking history of the country.
Observance of Religious Sanctities:
Calah Comes were formed in governmental institutions to make
trrangements for Zuhur prayer and motivating people for saying prayers.
Ehtram-e-Ramadan Ordinance was promulgated, which prohibited eating
and drinking at ulic places during the Holy month of Ramadan. Penalties
were imposed for passing sacrilegious remarks about Khulafa-e-Rashideen
(RA) and Anl-e-Bait (RA). Radio and television were ordered to broadcast
azan and hajj proceedings. Federal Ombudsman (Wifaqi Mohtasib) was
appointed with a mandate to eliminate corruption, malpractices and
incompetence from government institutions.
Education:
Islamic Studies was introduced as a compulsory subject at intermediate and
degree levels. Degrees of the religious schools (deeni madaris) were
declared equivalent to B.A. and M.A. degrees. Religious teachers in the
Armed Forces were, for the first time, given the status of commissioned
officers. In order to Islamize education system from roots, Masjid Maktab
Scheme was introduced at primary level. Figh (Islamic Jurisprudence) was
made a compulsory subject in law colleges.
Building of National Sprit:
National dress code was implemented in the courts of law. Wearing of
national dress was encouraged in government institutions. National dress
code was made mandatory for official gatherings. The president and the
prime minister themselves established the tradition of delivering formal
addresses in Urdu. Pakistan Studies was introduced as a compulsory
subject on Intermediate and Degree level.
Media:
Indecent and un-Islamic programs were banned on radio and television.
Arabic and the Holy Quran classes were started on radio and television.
Radio and television increased the number of religious programs and started
broadcasting the annual Hajj proceedings and other Islamic events.
Q(iv). Write a note on Muhammad Khan Junejo’s election as Prime
Minister and his dismissal later on.
Ans: Muhammad Khan Junejo’s Government (1985-1988):
(2)
(2)
ON
(3)
After his success in a controversial referendum, General Muhammad Zia-ul-
Haq took oath for the office of the president for next five years, on March 23,
1985, under restored constitution. Elections were held, on non-party basis,
and a well reputed Sindh based politician Muhammad Khan Junejo was
appointed prime minister. The Parliament passed 8th constitutional
amendment bill in December 1985. Martial law was lifted.
Salient features of 8th constitutional Bill:
Following are important features of the amendment:
All the steps so far taken by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and all changes
jr the constitution affected by him were legalized.
President’s power to dissolve the Parliament was given constitutional status.
All steps taken by General Zia, in pursuance of his Islamization policy, were
given constitutional protection.
Zia-Junejo Confrontation:
It was a general perception about Junejo that he will always follow Zia’s line
and remain loyal to him. But contrary to all expectations Junejo started to
assert the authority of the civil government. This created a rift between the
president and the prime minister, which further increased when Muhammad
Khan Junejo expressed his intention to curtail defense budget for
strengthening national economy. But the Geneva Accord proved to be the
ultimate cause for the removal of Muhammad Khan Junejo.
The Geneva Accord:
The main purpose of Geneva talks was to set a deadline for the withdrawal
of Soviet Army from Afghanistan. General Zia was of the opinion that
Pakistan should not sign this agreement until a Mujahideen Government is
established in Kabul. In March 1988 the Junejo government called a Round
Table Conference of political parties, for discussing what position Pakistan
should take in Geneva talks.
The Dismissal of the Junejo Government:
All the politicial parties supported Junejo’s point of view which was different
from Zia-ul-Haq’s opinion. In 1988 political consensus was developed on the
basic principles of Geneva Accord. General Zia-ul-Haq was unhappy with
the prime minister because he thought that Pakistan was going to become
unsafe if Americans leave Afghanistan without setting up a stable
government in Kabul. Pakistan and Afghanistan signed the Geneva Accord
on April 14, 1988, the US and the Soviet Union signed the accord as
guarantors. Soviet Union accepted her defeat and agreed to withraw all her
troops from Afghanistan till February 15, 1989. This resulted in the end of
Afghan war. Zia-ul-Haq dismissed Junejo government on May 29, 1988.
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq died in a plane crash on August 17, 1988.
Senate chairman Ghulam Ishaq Khan took over as president after Zia’s
death.