Explain the mechanism of binary fission and budding in bacteria and yeast, respectively.

Binary Fission in Bacteria:

Binary fission is a simple form of asexual reproduction where a single bacterial cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Steps of Binary Fission:

1. DNA Replication: The bacterial chromosome duplicates.

2. Cell Elongation: The cell enlarges, and the replicated DNA moves to opposite ends.

3. Septum Formation: A new cell wall (septum) begins to form in the center.

4. Cell Division: The septum completely divides the cell into two identical daughter cells.

Example: Bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella reproduce by binary fission.

Budding in Yeast:

Budding is an asexual reproduction method in which a new organism develops as an outgrowth of the parent cell.

Steps of Budding in Yeast:

1. Formation of a Bud: A small projection (bud) appears on the parent cell.

2. Nucleus Division: The nucleus divides by mitosis, and one copy moves into the bud.

3. Growth of Bud: The bud enlarges and develops cellular organelles.

4. Separation: The bud detaches from the parent to form an independent yeast cell.

Example: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) reproduces by budding.

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