Explain how genes control inheritance of characters.

Genes are the fundamental units of heredity and control the inheritance of traits by passing genetic information from parents to offspring. This process follows Mendelian principles:

Dominant and Recessive Traits: Dominant alleles express the trait even if only one copy is present, whereas recessive traits require two copies.

Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation, contributing to genetic diversity.

Mutation and Variation: Changes in gene sequences can lead to variations in traits, which may be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.

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