Ans: National and Regional Languages:
(a) Balochi:
The Balochi language is spoken in the province of Balochistan in Pakistan. It
is related to Aryan languages. No matter how many viewpoints there are about how
old the Balochi language is or about its families. It is still a fact that the Balochi
literature’s age of development was after the creation of Pakistan. There are two
main accents of the Balochi language, one Sulemani’ and the other Makrani.
Although the Balochi script was already invented but the ancient Balochi literature
came very late in written form. In totality, Balochi poetry can be divided into three
parts. In Balochi poetry, the more important and first part is of epic poetry. The
topics included in it are courage, grandeur, honour and bravery.
The second part is of romantic poetry. In it, beauty and romance, youth and
other topics are found. The third part covers folk stories. In it, the forms of lori and
motak have been presenting the reflection of social life from the olden times. In
1840, the work of introducing the ancient Balochi poetry began. In Balochi literature,
in old and classical prose, the tales of Mir Chakar Khan, Hassan Zandu, Pir Nag
Wagran Nazsha, Mureed Wahani, etc are famous and popular.
The first book in the history of the Balochi language and literature was
written by Sher Kamsir Marri. In the Balochi poetry of the British era the topics of
mysticism, morals and hatred against the Britishers are found. In this era, the post
of high calibre was Mast Tawakli. After the creation of Pakistan, by adding and
removing the letters of the Urdu alphabet, a quality script was developed for Balochi,
Balochi magazines and journals marked the speedy development of Balochi
literature.
In 1960, with the publication of the first Balochi magazine, journalism and
literature found a new direction in the Balochi language. The Balochistan University
started the Ph.D. degree in the Balochi language.
(b) Pushto:
Pushto or Pakhto is spoken in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It traces
its origin to Bakhat or Bakht, an area in Afghanistan about five thousand years ago.
In this connection the speakers of this language are called Pashtun or Pakhtun, later
replaced by Pakhto or Pushto
Like other languages, literature in this language began in poetry.The first
book of prose was written in the last decade of the 8th century AD. The name of this
book is Patah Khazana. By the end of the 14th century AD, Pushto literature had
absorbed the external influences. The use of Arabic and Persian words can be seen
in it. There are three accents in the Pushto language. One accent is of the northeast
region, the second of the southwest region and the third is of the Zai tribe. Basically
the only difference between the three is of the pronunciation.
Ameer Krore is thought to be the first poet of nazm (poem) in the Pushto
language. In the reigns of Ghias-ud-din Balban and Sher Shah Suri qaseeda and
madh forms were made part of Pushto literature. Researchers found an old, writing,
‘Tazkara-tul-Aulia’ comprising 1200 pages, from which it can be deduced that the
Pushto poets of this era also tried their hands at the hamd-o-naat forms.
In Mahmud Ghaznavi’s era, a person named Saifullah actually prepared
Pushto alphabet which is still in use: The topics worth mentioning which feature
prominently in Pushto poetry are liberty, honour and war, etc. Mysticism is
mentioned too. Mulia Mast is acknowledged the leader in this form. Khushal Khan
Khattak is a great Pushto poet. In addition to being a master of the pen, he was a
master of the sword too. He expressed this in these words “Those moments are
worth seeing for Khushal, when the sword and the suit of armor clink”. In his poetry,
Khushal Khan has written about different fields of life. The prominent topics in them
are love of the Creator, love of a fellow human being, mysticism, behavior, liberty
and bravery.
The second greatest poet of Pushto literature is Rahman Baba. This humble
poet was always immersed in moods of roinance and mysticism and the same are
the topics of his poetry. According to him, romance is the reason for the creation of
the universe. Rahman Baba holds a high position in the Pushtun society. The style
of Khushal Khan Khattak and Rahman Baba is like a milestone in Pushto literature
and its impression can be found in the poets that came later.
In Pushto literature folk songs are an unparalleled asset. Pushto literature
has many facets but chaarbeeta, tappa, laimkai, etc. are its very famous forms.
Some poets have made the different forms of folk songs, the topic of their poetry.
These poets include Noor Din, Mulia Maqsood, etc. Pushto prose started developing in the 20th century. After Pakistan came into
being, under the influence of modern education, the writers, who possessed new
ideas and thoughts did prominent work in writing a Pushto dictionary, grammar
writing, biography, short stóry writing, novel and drama.
(c) Kashmiri:
. According to modern research, the Kashmiri language is linked to the
language of the Indus Valley. It has several famous dialects from which
Musalmanki, Hindki, Gandoro and Garni are more popular. Gandoro is considered
to be a more literary dialect. Kashmiri literature is divided into the following five
In the first era, folk songs were promoted. In this kind of poetry, the
expression of the collective thinking and feeling of the Kashmiri society is found. In
different eras:
the Kashmiri dialect, it is called Rauf Yalol.
In the second era, topics of llahyat were written about. The famous poet of
this era was Shati Kanth. In the third era, the practice of giving a poetic touch to the
stories of romance began. Hiba Khatoon was the major poetess of this era. In the
poetic stories of this era in along with Persian and Arabic, stories were also
presented in the Kashmiri language. In this connection, the names of Armani Laal
Mulla Faqir etc are prominent in the Kashmiri language and literature. The man
The fifth era prospered under the shadow of modern literature. This retains
new thoughts and trends. Ghulam Ahmed Mahjor holds a special position in this era.
In addition to local creations in the Kashmiri literature, translations from other
languages were done also. Iranian literature, especially after translations of ghazal
and masnavi, was also adopted in Kashmiri poetry as a creative form. Kashmiriat is.
taught as a subject at the Azad Kashmir University.
behind this was Mahmud Garni.