Describe the ways in which bonds may be formed.

Bonds form between atoms to stabilize their electron configuration. There are two main types of bonds:

  1. Ionic Bonds: Form when one atom donates electrons to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other (e.g., NaCl).

  2. Covalent Bonds: Form when two atoms share electrons to complete their outer shells (e.g., H₂O, O₂).

  3. Metallic Bonds: In metals, atoms share electrons freely in a “sea of electrons,” allowing for conductivity and malleability.

Related Questions:

  1. Explain how elements attain stability.
  2. State octet and duplet rules.
  3. Explain the formation of a covalent bond between two nitrogen atoms.
  4. How does Al form a cation?
  5. Draw an electron cross and dot structure for an H₂O molecule.
  6. Describe the importance of noble gas electronic configuration.
  7. Why do gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume?
  8. List the sub-shells of the M shell in order of increasing energy.
  9. The electronic configurations listed below are incorrect. Explain the mistakes in each and write the correct electronic configurations.
  10. Which orbital in each of the following pairs is lower in energy?
  11. Draw Bohr’s Model for the following atoms, indicating the locations of electrons, protons, and neutrons:
  12. Write the electronic configuration for the following elements:
  13. State the importance and uses of isotopes in various fields of life.
  14. The atomic number of an element is 23, and its mass number is 56.
  15. The atomic symbol of aluminum is written as Al. What information do you get from it?
  16. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of an element present in the 3rd period and Group IIA.
  17. Define halogens.
  18. Which atom has a higher shielding effect, Li or Na?
  19. Explain why Na has higher ionization energy than K.
  20. Alkali metals belong to the S-block in the periodic table. Why?