Describe speciation.

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new species arise. It occurs when populations of a single species become reproductively isolated and evolve independently.

Types of Speciation:

1. Allopatric Speciation (Geographic Isolation):

Occurs when a population is physically separated by a barrier such as mountains, rivers, or oceans.

Example: Darwin’s finches evolved into different species on separate Galápagos Islands due to geographic isolation.

2. Sympatric Speciation (Reproductive Isolation):

Occurs within the same geographical area due to genetic differences, behavioral changes, or ecological factors.

Example: Some insects may develop a preference for different food sources, leading to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species.

3. Peripatric Speciation:

A small group of individuals becomes isolated at the edge of a population and evolves into a new species.

Example: A few birds migrating to a new island may develop distinct characteristics over time.

4. Parapatric Speciation:

Occurs when populations are partially separated but still have some contact. Over time, differences accumulate, leading to new species.

Factors Leading to Speciation:

Geographical barriers (rivers, mountains)

Behavioral differences (mating calls, courtship rituals)

Ecological factors (different habitats, food sources)

Genetic mutations leading to reproductive incompatibility