Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new species arise. It occurs when populations of a single species become reproductively isolated and evolve independently.
Types of Speciation:
1. Allopatric Speciation (Geographic Isolation):
Occurs when a population is physically separated by a barrier such as mountains, rivers, or oceans.
Example: Darwin’s finches evolved into different species on separate Galápagos Islands due to geographic isolation.
2. Sympatric Speciation (Reproductive Isolation):
Occurs within the same geographical area due to genetic differences, behavioral changes, or ecological factors.
Example: Some insects may develop a preference for different food sources, leading to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species.
3. Peripatric Speciation:
A small group of individuals becomes isolated at the edge of a population and evolves into a new species.
Example: A few birds migrating to a new island may develop distinct characteristics over time.
4. Parapatric Speciation:
Occurs when populations are partially separated but still have some contact. Over time, differences accumulate, leading to new species.
Factors Leading to Speciation:
Geographical barriers (rivers, mountains)
Behavioral differences (mating calls, courtship rituals)
Ecological factors (different habitats, food sources)
Genetic mutations leading to reproductive incompatibility