i. Vascular bundle: A vascular bundle is a collection of xylem and phloem tissues that transport water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant.
ii. Osmotic adjustment: Osmotic adjustment refers to the process by which plants adjust the concentration of solutes in their cells to maintain water balance under different environmental conditions.
iii. Xylem: Xylem is the tissue responsible for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant.
iv. Transpiration: Transpiration is the process through which plants lose water vapor through small pores called stomata, mainly on the leaves.
v. Adhesion: Adhesion is the attraction of water molecules to the surface of xylem vessels, which helps water move upward.
vi. Translocation: Translocation refers to the movement of food (mainly sugars) from the leaves to other parts of the plant via the phloem.
vii. Cohesion: Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules, which helps maintain the column of water in the xylem during upward movement.
viii. Micronutrients: Micronutrients are essential elements required by plants in small amounts, such as iron, copper, and zinc.
ix. Excretophores: Excretophores are structures in plants where waste products, like oxygen or excess salts, are excreted.