Apomixis: A form of asexual reproduction in which seeds are produced without fertilization.
Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
Male gametophyte: The pollen grain, which carries the male gametes in flowering plants.
Epigeal germination: A type of seed germination where the cotyledons rise above the soil surface.
Fertilization: The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
Binary fission: A type of asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Budding: A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth of the parent.
Sporangiophores: Specialized hyphae that bear sporangia containing spores.
Rootstock: The lower part of a grafted plant that provides root support.
Bulb: An underground storage organ consisting of fleshy, modified leaves.
Rhizome: A horizontal underground stem that gives rise to new shoots and roots.