FreeNotes
When metals form cations, they lose electrons. This is because metals tend to have fewer electrons in their outer shell and can achieve a more stable configuration by losing those electrons. Here’s how the cations for the given metals are formed: (a) Barium (Ba): Barium is in Group 2, so it has 2 valence electrons. … Read more
The number of valence electrons corresponds to the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. To find this, we look at the group number in the periodic table: (a) Boron (B): Boron is in Group 13 of the periodic table. Elements in Group 13 have 3 valence electrons. Therefore, boron has 3 … Read more
Covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. The number of shared electron pairs between atoms determines whether the bond is single, double, or triple. Let’s break these down: Single Covalent Bond: A single covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons. This is the most … Read more
The formation of a covalent bond between two non-metallic elements involves the sharing of electrons between atoms. Non-metals typically have relatively high electronegativity, meaning they tend to attract electrons strongly. In order to achieve a stable electron configuration (often resembling that of the nearest noble gas), atoms of non-metals will share their outermost electrons to … Read more
Bonds form between atoms to stabilize their electron configuration. There are two main types of bonds: Ionic Bonds: Form when one atom donates electrons to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other (e.g., NaCl). Covalent Bonds: Form when two atoms share electrons to complete their outer shells (e.g., H₂O, O₂). Metallic Bonds: … Read more
Elements attain stability by achieving a full outer electron shell, similar to the electron configuration of a noble gas. This can be accomplished in several ways: By losing electrons: Metals tend to lose electrons to achieve a stable configuration, forming cations. By gaining electrons: Non-metals tend to gain electrons, forming anions. By sharing electrons: Atoms … Read more
The noble gas electronic configuration is crucial because it represents the most stable electron arrangement for an atom. Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve this stable configuration. This stability drives chemical reactions and the formation of compounds. For example, atoms like sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) gain or lose electrons to … Read more
For H₂O (water), the electron dot structure would show the two hydrogen atoms each sharing one electron with oxygen, which also shares its two electrons with the hydrogens. The structure looks like: H:O:H Related Questions: State octet and duplet rules. Explain the formation of a covalent bond between two nitrogen atoms. How does Al form … Read more
Oxygen (O) has six valence electrons. To achieve a stable octet configuration, oxygen gains two electrons, forming an anion (O²⁻) with a negative charge. Related Questions: State octet and duplet rules. Explain the formation of a covalent bond between two nitrogen atoms. How does Al form a cation? Draw an electron cross and dot structure … Read more
Aluminum (Al) has three valence electrons. To achieve a stable noble gas configuration, aluminum loses these three electrons, forming a cation (Al³⁺) with a positive charge. Related Questions: State octet and duplet rules. Explain the formation of a covalent bond between two nitrogen atoms. Draw an electron cross and dot structure for an H₂O molecule. … Read more