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The Solvay process is used for the industrial production of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) from sodium chloride (NaCl) and limestone (CaCO₃). During carbonation, carbon dioxide (CO₂) is bubbled through ammonia solution to form ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃). The chemical reactions involved are: 1. Formation of ammonium bicarbonate: Ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide and water to form ammonium … Read more
Slaked lime is also known as calcium hydroxide and has the chemical formula Ca(OH)₂. It is produced by adding water to quicklime (CaO). This is a highly exothermic reaction, which releases a significant amount of heat. The chemical reaction is as follows: Slaked lime is used in various industries, including in the treatment of water, … Read more
Urea prills are small, spherical particles made by spraying molten urea from the top of a prilling tower. As the molten urea droplets fall through the tower, they cool and solidify into prills. The size of the droplets and the height of the tower determine the size of the prills. The process is typically carried … Read more
Related Questions: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY-AIR ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY-WATER ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BIOCHEMISTRY EMPIRRICAL DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Define chemical equilibrium with example What is meant by chemical equilibrium? Differentiate between reversible and irreversible reactions? State Le-Chatelier’s principle. What is the significance of the equilibrium constant (Kc)? Why does a catalyst … Read more
Municipal water treatment ensures safe and clean drinking water. The process involves the following steps: 1. Coagulation and Flocculation Chemicals like alum (Al₂(SO₄)₃) are added to water to form flocs, which trap dirt and impurities. Equation: Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3Ca(OH)₂ → 2Al(OH)₃ + 3CaSO₄ 2. Sedimentation The heavy flocs settle at the bottom of the tank, … Read more
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances contaminate water bodies, making them unsafe for humans and aquatic life. The major sources of water pollution include: Industrial Waste: Factories discharge toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and dyes into rivers and lakes. These pollutants reduce oxygen levels in water, harming aquatic organisms. Agricultural Runoff: Fertilizers and pesticides used in … Read more
Magnesium hydrogen carbonate decomposes upon heating, forming magnesium carbonate, carbon dioxide, and water: Mg(HCO₃)₂ → MgCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O Related Questions: List the impurities present in rainwater. List toxic substances present in household wastes. In what ways do industrial wastes pollute water? What is water pollution? List some waterborne diseases. What are pathogenic microorganisms? What is hard water? … Read more
Hard water contains dissolved calcium and magnesium salts, making it difficult to form lather with soap. Soft water lacks these salts and lathers easily with soap. Related Questions: List the impurities present in rainwater. List toxic substances present in household wastes. In what ways do industrial wastes pollute water? What is water pollution? List … Read more
The four main water sources are oceans, glaciers and ice caps, groundwater, and surface water (rivers and lakes). Related Questions: List the impurities present in rainwater. List toxic substances present in household wastes. In what ways do industrial wastes pollute water? What is water pollution? List some waterborne diseases. What are pathogenic microorganisms? What … Read more
Disadvantages of water hardness Hard water forms scale in pipes and boilers, reducing efficiency. It requires more soap for washing, causes skin irritation, and leaves spots on dishes and laundry. Related Questions: List the impurities present in rainwater. List toxic substances present in household wastes. In what ways do industrial wastes pollute water? What … Read more