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Plant tissue culture is a technique used to grow new plants from a small piece of plant tissue under sterile conditions in a nutrient medium. The process involves: 1. Selection of an explant (a small tissue from a plant). 2. Sterilization to prevent microbial contamination. 3. Placement in a nutrient-rich culture medium containing growth hormones. … Read more
According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, a base is a proton acceptor. NH₃ can accept a proton (H⁺), thus it acts as a base. Related Questions: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Define chemical equilibrium with example What is meant by chemical equilibrium? Differentiate between reversible and irreversible reactions? State Le-Chatelier’s principle. What is the significance of the equilibrium … Read more
Related Questions: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Define chemical equilibrium with example What is meant by chemical equilibrium? Differentiate between reversible and irreversible reactions? State Le-Chatelier’s principle. What is the significance of the equilibrium constant (Kc)? Why does a catalyst not affect the position of equilibrium? What happens to the equilibrium position if the concentration of a reactant … Read more
Aspect Reversible reaction Irreversible reaction Definition A reversible reaction occurs in both forward and reverse directions. An irreversible reaction occurs in one direction only. Equilibrium It achieves a state of dynamic equilibrium where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. No equilibrium is established in such reactions. Completion … Read more
Role of Catalyst: A catalyst speeds up both the forward and reverse reactions equally. It lowers the activation energy for both reactions, allowing equilibrium to be reached more quickly. Effect on Equilibrium Position: A catalyst does not change the position of equilibrium or the value of the equilibrium constant (Kc). It only reduces the time … Read more
Applications: 1. Haber Process (Ammonia Production): To increase ammonia production: Increase pressure (favors fewer gas molecules). Decrease temperature (favors the exothermic reaction). Remove ammonia as it forms (shifts equilibrium to the right). 2. Contact Process (Sulfuric Acid Production): High pressure and low temperature favor the formation of sulfuric acid . 3. Production of Methanol: High … Read more
Macroscopic characteristics of an equilibrium reaction: The macroscopic characteristics of an equilibrium reaction are: 1. Constant concentrations of reactants and products: The concentrations of all substances remain unchanged over time. 2. No observable changes: There are no visible changes in color, pressure, or other measurable properties. 3. Temperature-dependent: The equilibrium position depends on temperature; increasing … Read more
Ways to recognize equilibrium: Equilibrium can be recognized by the following characteristics: 1. Constant macroscopic properties: Observable properties like color, pressure, and concentration remain constant at equilibrium. 2. Equal forward and reverse reaction rates: The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. 3. Dynamic nature: Molecules continue to react, but … Read more
The Law of Mass Action states: The rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the molar concentrations of the reactants, each raised to the power of its respective stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced chemical equation. Mathematical Representation: For a general reaction: aA+bB→PRODUCT The rate of the reaction is: Rate∝[A]a[B]b Where: … Read more
For exothermic reactions, an increase in temperature decreases the value of Kc. For endothermic reactions, an increase in temperature increases the value of Kc. Related Questions: Define chemical equilibrium with example What is meant by chemical equilibrium? What is the effect of decreasing pressure on a gaseous equilibrium system? What is dynamic equilibrium? CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM … Read more