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Parental Cross: Parent 1: Flat yellow pods (FFYY) Parent 2: Constricted green pods (ffyy) Step 1: F1 Generation The F1 generation is the result of crossing the two parental plants. Flat pod shape (F) is dominant over constricted pod shape (f). Yellow pod color (Y) is dominant over green pod color (y). So, the genotype … Read more
Selection is one of the key mechanisms of evolution, and it refers to the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time due to their effects on the individuals’ fitness (the ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment). Selection can operate in various forms, including natural … Read more
Variation refers to the differences in traits (such as size, color, shape) among individuals within a population. These variations can be classified into two broad categories: continuous variation and discontinuous variation. These two types of variation differ in how the traits are expressed and how they are inherited. 1. Continuous Variation: Continuous variation refers to … Read more
Variation refers to the differences in the physical traits, behaviors, or genetic makeup among individuals within a population. These differences can manifest in traits such as size, shape, color, behavior, and susceptibility to diseases. Variation is a key concept in biology because it provides the raw material for evolution through natural selection. Types of Variation: … Read more
Co-dominance is a type of genetic inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual. Unlike in dominant-recessive inheritance, where one allele masks the expression of the other, in co-dominance, both alleles contribute equally and are both visible in the organism’s traits. Co-dominance: Definition: In co-dominance, … Read more
Incomplete dominance is a type of genetic inheritance where neither allele is completely dominant over the other. As a result, the heterozygous offspring displays an intermediate phenotype, which is a blend or mixture of the two parental traits. In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two … Read more
Co-dominance is a genetic phenomenon where both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in the organism’s phenotype. Unlike in dominance-recessive inheritance, where one allele masks the expression of another, in co-dominance, both alleles contribute equally and are visible in the organism’s traits. This means that neither allele is dominant or recessive, and the heterozygote … Read more
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment is another fundamental principle of genetics proposed by Gregor Mendel. This law describes how genes located on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other. Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment State:The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits assort independently of one another during the formation of … Read more
Mendel’s Law of Segregation is one of the fundamental principles of genetics, proposed by Gregor Mendel in the mid-1800s. It describes how alleles for a given trait are inherited from one generation to the next. Here’s a clear explanation of the law: Mendel’s Law of Segregation State:The Law of Segregation states that each individual has … Read more
Genes play a crucial role in protein synthesis, which is the process by which cells create proteins. These proteins are essential for almost every function in the cell, including catalyzing biochemical reactions, providing structure, and regulating processes. The process of protein synthesis can be broken down into two major stages: transcription and translation. 1. Transcription … Read more