FreeNotes
Synovial joints are the most common type of movable joints in the human body. They allow free movement in various directions. Their structure includes: Articular cartilage: Covers the ends of bones, reducing friction. Synovial membrane: Lines the joint cavity, producing synovial fluid. Synovial fluid: Lubricates the joint and absorbs shock. Joint capsule: A tough layer … Read more
The vertebral column (spine) is a flexible structure made up of 33 vertebrae, which are divided into five regions: 1. Cervical vertebrae (7): Located in the neck, support the head, and allow movement. 2. Thoracic vertebrae (12): Attached to ribs, protect the heart and lungs. 3. Lumbar vertebrae (5): Found in the lower back, bear … Read more
The bending and straightening of the forearm involves the elbow joint, which is a hinge joint. Let’s explore how this joint works in action, focusing on the movements of flexion (bending) and extension (straightening) of the forearm. The Elbow Joint (Hinge Joint) The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint formed by the articulation of … Read more
Joints are the points where two or more bones meet. They play a crucial role in enabling movement and providing structural support. Joints can be classified in several ways, but they are most commonly categorized based on their structure (the types of tissues connecting the bones) and their function (the type of movement they allow). … Read more
The human skeleton is a complex, dynamic structure made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints, which work together to provide support, facilitate movement, protect internal organs, and produce blood cells. It is divided into two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Let’s take a detailed look at each component and how … Read more
The skeleton plays an essential role in both support and movement in the body, as it serves as the rigid framework that gives structure to the body and facilitates the mechanics of physical motion. These two functions—support and movement—are deeply intertwined, as the skeleton provides a stable base for muscles and other tissues to act … Read more
Cartilage is a specialized type of connective tissue that provides support, flexibility, and cushioning in various parts of the body. It is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels, and instead relies on diffusion for the exchange of nutrients and waste products. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Each … Read more
The human appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton. It includes: Upper Limbs: Arms: Comprising the humerus (upper arm bone), radius, and ulna (forearm bones). Hands: Including the carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (palm bones), and phalanges (finger bones). Lower Limbs: Legs: Comprising the … Read more
Here are three common types of arthritis: Osteoarthritis (OA):Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time. This leads to pain, stiffness, swelling, and decreased joint mobility. It is typically associated with aging or repetitive joint stress. Rheumatoid Arthritis … Read more
The structures that act as shock absorbers at the end of bones are articular cartilage and menisci (in certain joints like the knee). Articular Cartilage: This smooth, flexible cartilage covers the ends of bones at joints, reducing friction and absorbing the impact and pressure that occurs during movement, such as walking or running. Menisci: These … Read more