State octet and duplet rules.

  • Octet Rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration resembling that of a noble gas, typically with 8 electrons in the outer shell.

  • Duplet Rule: This rule applies to hydrogen and helium. They tend to achieve a stable configuration with 2 electrons in their outermost shell.

Related Questions:

  1. Explain the formation of a covalent bond between two nitrogen atoms.
  2. How does Al form a cation?
  3. Draw an electron cross and dot structure for an H₂O molecule.
  4. Describe the importance of noble gas electronic configuration.
  5. How does O form an anion?
  6. How does temperature affect the solubility of a substance?
  7. How many sub-shells are there in the N shell?
  8. Give notation for sub-shells of the M shell.
  9. List the sub-shells of the M shell in order of increasing energy.
  10. The electronic configurations listed below are incorrect. Explain the mistakes in each and write the correct electronic configurations.
  11. Which orbital in each of the following pairs is lower in energy?
  12. Draw Bohr’s Model for the following atoms, indicating the locations of electrons, protons, and neutrons:
  13. Write the electronic configuration for the following elements:
  14. State the importance and uses of isotopes in various fields of life.
  15. The atomic number of an element is 23, and its mass number is 56.
  16. The atomic symbol of aluminum is written as Al. What information do you get from it?
  17. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of an element present in the 3rd period and Group IIA.
  18. Define halogens.
  19. Which atom has a higher shielding effect, Li or Na?
  20. Explain why Na has higher ionization energy than K.