Define the term allotropes and explain the allotropes of carbon.

Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element, where the atoms are bonded in various ways. Carbon exhibits several allotropes, each with distinct properties. Diamond has a tetrahedral structure and is the hardest known natural material. Graphite consists of layers of carbon atoms that can slide over each other, making it soft and conductive. Graphene is a single layer of graphite, known for its remarkable strength and conductivity. Fullerenes are molecules of carbon that form spherical or tubular shapes, which are useful in nanotechnology and material science.

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