Error is the deviation between the measured value and the true or accepted value. In any experimental measurement, errors can occur due to various factors. Understanding the types of errors helps in minimizing them and improving the accuracy of measurements.
Types of Errors:
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Random Errors: These are unpredictable fluctuations that occur during measurements. They arise due to factors like environmental changes, slight variations in instrument readings, or human factors. These errors can cause readings to scatter around the true value.
- Reduction: Random errors can be minimized by taking multiple measurements and averaging the results, ensuring that fluctuations cancel each other out over time.
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Systematic Errors: These errors are consistent and reproducible, often due to a flaw in the measuring instrument or the measurement technique itself (e.g., an improperly calibrated instrument or incorrect procedure). These errors cause the measurements to consistently deviate from the true value by the same amount.
- Reduction: Systematic errors can be reduced by regularly calibrating instruments, using accurate measuring devices, and ensuring the consistency of the experimental setup.