Explain the process of double fertilization in angiosperms.

Double fertilization is a unique process in angiosperms where two sperm cells fuse with different cells in the embryo sac.

Steps of Double Fertilization:

1. Pollination: Pollen grains land on the stigma and germinate, forming a pollen tube.

2. Pollen Tube Growth: The tube grows through the style and reaches the ovule.

3. Release of Sperm Cells: Two sperm cells travel through the pollen tube into the embryo sac.

4. First Fertilization: One sperm fuses with the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote (future embryo).

5. Second Fertilization: The second sperm fuses with the central cell (which contains two nuclei), forming a triploid endosperm (food source for the developing embryo).

Significance of Double Fertilization:

Ensures seed development only occurs when fertilization is successful.

Produces endosperm, which nourishes the developing embryo.

Increases efficiency of resource utilization in plants.

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  13. Justify that sexual reproduction in plants is more beneficial than asexual reproduction.
  14. Define/Describe/Explain briefly:
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