Leaf cells are highly specialized to carry out the process of photosynthesis and support the plant’s overall function. The leaf has different types of cells that have unique structures suited to their specific functions.
Palisade mesophyll cells are located just below the epidermis of the leaf and contain many chloroplasts. These chloroplasts capture light energy, which is necessary for photosynthesis. The palisade cells are elongated and tightly packed, ensuring maximum exposure to light for photosynthesis.
Spongy mesophyll cells are located below the palisade layer and have large intercellular spaces that allow for the easy exchange of gases, such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor. These cells also contain chloroplasts, but their main function is gas exchange rather than photosynthesis.
Epidermal cells are the outermost layer of cells in the leaf and have a protective role. They form a barrier that prevents water loss and entry of harmful pathogens. Some epidermal cells have tiny openings known as stomata, which allow gas exchange.
Xylem and phloem cells form part of the vascular tissue. Xylem cells are responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves. Phloem cells transport the products of photosynthesis, mainly sugars, from the leaves to other parts of the plant.